The mastic tree is a shrub species belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, native to the Mediterranean climate. The tree has green leaves and a durable structure that can grow up to approximately 2-3 meters. The mastic tree does not shed its leaves throughout the year, so it is among the rare plants on the Mediterranean coast that remain green at all times of the year.
The resin from which the mastic is obtained flows drop by drop through the cuts made on the trunk and branches of the tree and hardens outside. This resin is secreted as part of the tree's self-protection mechanism and is known as gum mastic. The harvested mastic gum is dried or processed and used in different ways.
Growing Conditions of Mastic Gum Tree
Mastic tree likes hot and dry climates. The mild winters and hot summers that are typical of the Mediterranean climate provide ideal conditions for the growth of this tree. It is more efficient, especially in areas under the influence of the sea, and is resistant to salty winds. For this reason, it grows widely on the Aegean coasts such as Chios Island of Greece and Çeşme and Karaburun of Turkey.
The mastic tree prefers calcareous and well-drained soils. Although it does not need much water, its roots reach deep and are fed by groundwater. Thanks to this feature, it is resistant to drought conditions and continues to produce resin efficiently for many years.
History of the Mastic Tree
The use of mastic tree dates back to ancient times. Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations used mastic gum to protect oral and dental health, heal wounds and treat various stomach ailments. The medicinal and commercial value of mastic gum continued to increase during the Middle Ages. Especially during the Ottoman Empire, mastic gum had an important place both in the kitchen and in the field of health.
Mastic obtained from Chios Island was frequently used on the tables of Ottoman sultans and in palace kitchens. Due to the value given to Chios at that time, many bans and regulations were introduced regarding the mastic gum production of the island. Today, mastic gum continues to maintain its value as a natural and aromatic product both in Turkey and around the world.
Harvest Process of Mastic Tree
Obtaining resin from the mastic tree is a very laborious process. Harvest is usually done in the summer months. Cuts are made on the trunk and thick branches of the tree to allow the resin to flow. The drops that drain from these cuts fall on white soil or cloth under the tree and are left to harden. The collected mastic gum can be used in pure form after drying or can be ground into powder.
The harvesting process requires great care to preserve the naturalness and aroma of the mastic. This harvest, carried out using traditional methods, is carried out without damaging the natural life cycle of the tree, and therefore mastic gum is produced in limited quantities. This is one of the factors that make mastic gum rare and valuable.